Is a GLP-1 Right For You? Weighing the Benefits + Risks

Almost everywhere you turn, GLP-1 medications are showing up in the news. If you’re trying to figure out if a GLP-1 would be a good fit for you, there are a lot of factors to consider, including your individual health conditions, insurance coverage and potential side effects. Let’s look at what GLP-1s can do and what to discuss with your healthcare provider (HCP) if you decide to try one.

What is GLP-1?

To understand how GLP-1 medications work, it helps to first understand how the naturally occurring GLP-1 hormone works. GLP-1 is a naturally occurring hormone made in the L-cells of the gut, and it does a lot of work behind the scenes:

• Triggers insulin release from your pancreas, and as a result, lowers blood sugars.
• Blocks the body from making glucagon when it’s not needed, preventing more glucose from going into your bloodstream.
• Slows down how your stomach digests food so you feel full sooner.
• Tells your brain that you’re not hungry, so you eat less.

What is a GLP-1 medication?

GLP-1s are a class of medication. They work by mimicking and enhancing the effects of naturally occurring GLP-1 hormone. These medications attach to the same receptors in your body that your natural GLP-1 hormone uses, just with a stronger, longer-lasting result.

Some GLP-1 medications also target a second hormone called GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide), and are known as dual agonists. Mounjaro and Zepbound are the dual agonists currently on the market.

Who are GLP-1 medications for?

GLP-1s were originally developed for type 2 diabetes (T2D). But in addition to weight loss and inflammation, new research shows benefits when it’s taken for heart, liver and kidney health. GLP-1s are FDA-approved for people who meet specific criteria, and your HCP can walk you through whether you qualify.

How do GLP-1s affect specific health conditions?

GLP-1s work in your body in several different ways, depending on the specific health condition your HCP prescribes it for. Here’s what the research shows for each one.

GLP-1 for T2D

If you live with T2D, GLP-1s may help in several ways when combined with a healthy diet and exercise. GLP-1s may lower your A1C by promoting insulin production, reducing glucose production in your liver, increasing satiety and delaying digestion.

GLP-1 for heart health

In many studies, GLP-1s have been shown to reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events like heart attack, stroke and hospitalization. Researchers believe part of this benefit comes from reduced inflammation, which then supports heart health.

GLP-1 for high blood pressure

GLP-1s may also help keep your blood pressure in check. Studies show GLP-1s may lower systolic blood pressure (the top number in a blood pressure reading, which measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats) by roughly 2 to 5 mmHg. Researchers believe this happens because GLP-1s signal your kidneys to release sodium and extra fluid.

GLP-1 for heart failure

If you’re living with heart failure, a GLP-1 helps depending on which type you have. Heart failure can affect one or both sides of your heart. In people with T2D who also have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), GLP-1s may improve heart function, reduce symptoms, support weight loss, decrease fluid buildup and lower the risk for hospitalization. GLP-1s are not currently recommended or approved for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). They may also be used alongside other heart failure medications, so it’s worth having a conversation with your cardiologist or HCP about what’s right for you.

GLP-1 for liver disease

MASLD (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease) occurs when too much fat builds up in your liver, unrelated to heavy alcohol use. It is closely linked to how your body handles energy. You’re at increased risk of MASLD if you live with extra weight around your belly, Type 2 diabetes , High blood pressure (hypertension), High levels of fats or cholesterol in your blood (dyslipidemia), and/or Insulin resistance. If left untreated it can lead to further damage (called MASH). GLP-1s support a decrease in liver fat and disease progression to MASH by helping with weight, glucose and cholesterol management.

MASH (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis) is a long-term liver disease where fat buildup causes inflammation and scarring that can lead to cirrhosis, cancer or the need for a liver transplant. GLP-1s decrease liver fat, slow disease progression and support weight loss. 

GLP-1 for chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition where your kidneys lose their ability to properly filter waste and extra fluid from your blood. Ozempic is FDA-approved for people with T2D who also have CKD.

GLP-1 for weight loss

Weight loss is one of the most popular reasons for taking a GLP-1. That’s because GLP-1s slow how quickly your stomach empties food and sends signals to your brain that you’re full, which helps suppress appetite. 

GLP-1 for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

If you have obesity-related sleep apnea, you may benefit from a GLP-1. Due to the weight loss benefits, GLP1s have been shown to reduce the tissue that puts pressure on the airway, cutting down on breathing disruptions.

Should you take a GLP-1?

That depends on your health conditions and your goals. Talk with your HCP about your health history and goals to find out if a GLP-1 is a safe option for you.

Who shouldn’t take a GLP-1?

Some people should avoid GLP-1s. People who have, or have a family history of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2 (MEN 2) or medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC, a type of thyroid cancer) should not take a GLP-1.

Who should be cautious about taking a GLP-1?

Talk with your HCP before starting a GLP-1 if you have or have had:

• Pancreas or kidney problems
• Vision problems related to diabetes
• Gastroparesis (slow stomach emptying)
• Depression, suicidal thoughts, or other mental health concerns
• Planned surgery involving heavy sedation
• Pregnancy, plans to become pregnant, or plans to breastfeed

Your HCP and care team can help you weigh these factors against the benefits of treatment.

What are the common side effects of GLP-1s?

Like any medication, GLP-1s come with potential side effects. Knowing these upfront can help you weigh the pros and cons before starting.

• Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), especially when combined with insulin or sulfonylureas
• Gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
• Headache, fatigue, and dizziness
• Bloating, gas, and belching
• Heartburn
• Runny nose and sore throat

The good news is that eating a varied, healthy diet and staying physically active can help limit muscle loss while you’re on a GLP-1.

The bottom line

GLP-1s aren’t right for everyone, but for many people they offer real benefits beyond blood sugar control, including support for heart, liver and kidney health. Being your own advocate and staying engaged with your care team is the best way to figure out if one is right for you.

For more on how these medications work and what to expect along the way, visit our GLP-1 Hub.

This content was made possible by Lilly, an active partner of Beyond Type 1. Beyond Type 1 maintains editorial control over its content.